Apparatus and methods for control of a vehicle

ABSTRACT

Method for controlling a vehicle that includes a support, at least one wheel, a platform coupled to the at least one wheel, a coupling structure having a support portion coupled to the support and a platform portion coupled to the platform that allows the support portion to move or slide fore and aft with respect to the platform portion, an actuator coupled to the coupling structure to control the position of the support portion relative to the platform portion, a drive coupled to the at least one wheel to deliver power to the at least one wheel to propel the vehicle and maintain the platform level, and a controller coupled to the drive to control the drive and coupled to the actuator to control the actuator.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims priority to U.S. Provisional PatentApplication No. 61/308,659, filed Feb. 26, 2010, which is incorporatedin its entirety herein by reference.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention pertains to control of electric vehicles, and inparticular, controlling electric vehicle motion.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

A wide range of vehicles and methods are known for transporting humansubjects. Typically, such vehicles rely upon static stability and aredesigned for stability under all foreseen conditions of placement oftheir ground-contacting members with an underlying surface. For example,a gravity vector acting on the center of gravity of an automobile passesbetween the points of ground contact of the automobile's wheels and thesuspension of the automobile keeps all wheels on the ground at all timesmaking the automobile stable. Although, there are conditions (e.g.,increase or decrease in speed, sharp turns and steep slopes) which causeotherwise stable vehicles to become unstable.

A dynamically stabilized vehicle, also known as a balancing vehicle, isa type of vehicle that has a control system that actively maintains thestability of the vehicle while the vehicle is operating. In a vehiclethat has only two laterally-disposed wheels, for example, the controlsystem maintains the fore-aft stability of the vehicle by continuouslysensing the orientation of the vehicle, determining the correctiveaction necessary to maintain stability, and commanding the wheel motorsto make the corrective action. If the vehicle losses the ability tomaintain stability, such as through the failure of a component or a lackof sufficient power, the human subject can experience a sudden loss ofbalance.

For vehicles that maintain a stable footprint, coupling between steeringcontrol and control of the forward motion of the vehicles is less of aconcern. Under typical road conditions, stability is maintained byvirtue of the wheels being in contact with the ground throughout thecourse of a turn. In a balancing vehicle with two laterally disposedwheels, however, any torque applied to one or more wheels affects thestability of the vehicle.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The invention, in aspect, features a method for transitioning a vehiclefrom a statically-stable state to a dynamically-balanced state. Thevehicle includes a support, at least one wheel, a coupling structurehaving a support portion coupled to the support and a ground portioncoupled to the at least one wheel that allows the support portion tomove or slide fore and aft with respect to the platform portion, a drivecoupled to the at least one wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle andprovide power to the at least one wheel to propel the vehicle, anactuator coupled to the coupling structure to control the position ofthe support portion relative to the platform portion, a controllercoupled to the drive to control the drive and coupled to the actuator tocontrol the actuator, and landing gear coupled to the vehicle, whereinthe combination of the landing gear and the at least one wheel maintainthe vehicle in the statically-stable state when the vehicle is operatingin the statically-stable state. The method includes controlling thedrive to command the at least one wheel to hold a zero speed conditionand to hold the vehicle in a stationary position with respect to anunderlying surface. The method also includes controlling the actuator tomove or slide the position of the support portion relative to theplatform portion to alter the vehicle center of gravity position towarda location where the vehicle is capable of balancing with the at leastone wheel. The method also includes initiating dynamic balancing of thevehicle with the at least one wheel when the location of the vehiclecenter of gravity satisfies a predetermined condition.

In some embodiments, the predetermined condition is satisfied when aload applied by the underlying surface to the landing gear is less thana predefined amount. In some embodiments, the load applied by theunderlying surface to the landing gear using a fluid pressure sensorcoupled to a hydraulic braking system coupled to the landing gear of thevehicle. In some embodiments, the predetermined condition is satisfiedwhen the vehicle pitches backward and the landing gear is no longer incontact with the underlying surface.

In some embodiments, the predetermined condition is satisfied when theposition of the support portion relative to the platform portionapproaches a predefined threshold position. In some embodiments, themethod includes controlling the position of the support portion relativeto the platform portion and pitch of the vehicle to level the support.In some embodiments, the method includes controlling the drive todisable the command that held the at least one wheel to a zero speedcondition and held the vehicle in a stationary position with respect tothe underlying surface.

The invention, n another aspect, features a dynamically-balancingvehicle that includes a support, at least one wheel, and a couplingstructure having a support portion coupled to the support and a platformportion coupled to the at least one wheel that allows the supportportion to move or slide fore and aft with respect to the platformportion. The vehicle also includes a drive coupled to the at least onewheel to dynamically balance the vehicle and provide power to the atleast one wheel to propel the vehicle and an actuator coupled to thecoupling structure to control the position of the support portionrelative to the platform portion. The vehicle also includes landing gearcoupled to the vehicle, wherein the combination of the landing gear andthe at least one wheel maintain the vehicle in a statically-stable statewhen the vehicle is operating in the statically-stable state. Thevehicle also includes a controller coupled to the drive to control thedrive and coupled to the actuator to control the actuator, thecontroller configured for transitioning the vehicle from thestatically-stable state to the dynamically-balanced state. Thecontroller is configured to control the drive to command the at leastone wheel to hold a zero speed condition and to hold the vehicle in astationary position with respect to an underlying surface, control theactuator to move or slide the position of the support portion relativeto the platform portion to alter the vehicle center of gravity positiontoward a location where the vehicle is capable of balancing with the atleast one wheel, and initiate dynamic balancing of the vehicle with theat least one wheel when the location of the vehicle center of gravitysatisfies a predetermined condition.

In some embodiments, the predetermined condition is satisfied when aload applied by the underlying surface to the landing gear is less thana predefined amount. In some embodiments, the vehicle includes a fluidpressure sensor coupled to a hydraulic braking system coupled to thelanding gear of the vehicle, wherein the fluid pressure sensor is usedto determine the load applied by the underlying surface to the landinggear. In some embodiments, the predetermined condition is satisfied whenthe vehicle pitches backward and the landing gear is no longer incontact with the underlying surface. In some embodiments, thepredetermined condition is satisfied when the position of the supportportion relative to the platform portion approaches a predefinedthreshold position.

In some embodiments, the controller controls the drive and the actuatorto control the position of the support portion relative to the platformportion and the pitch of the vehicle to level the support. In someembodiments, the controller controls the drive to disable the commandthat held the at least one wheel to a zero speed condition and held thevehicle in a stationary position with respect to the underlying surface.In some embodiments, the landing gear comprises one or more wheels.

The invention, in another aspect, features a method for transitioning avehicle from a dynamically-balanced state to a statically-stable state,the vehicle includes a support, at least one wheel, a coupling structurehaving a support portion coupled to the support and a platform portioncoupled to the at least one wheel that allows the support portion tomove or slide fore and aft with respect to the platform portion, a drivecoupled to the at least one wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle andprovide power to the at least one wheel to propel the vehicle, anactuator coupled to the coupling structure to control the position ofthe support portion relative to the platform portion, a controllercoupled to the drive to control the drive and coupled to the actuator tocontrol the actuator, and landing gear coupled to the vehicle, whereinthe combination of the landing gear and the at least one wheel maintainthe vehicle in a statically-stable state when the vehicle is operatingin the statically-stable state. The method includes commanding theactuator to control the position of the support portion relative to theplatform portion to hold a zero speed condition and to hold the vehiclein a stationary position with respect to an underlying surface,controlling the drive to pitch the vehicle forward while maintaining thevehicle in the dynamically-balanced state, and terminating dynamicbalancing of the vehicle when a landing configuration condition issatisfied.

In some embodiments, the method includes controlling the vehicle toprevent the vehicle from pitching backward after commanding the actuatorto control the position of the support portion relative to the platformportion to hold a zero speed condition and to hold the vehicle in astationary position with respect to an underlying surface. In someembodiments, the landing configuration condition is satisfied when aload applied by the underlying surface to the landing gear is greaterthan a predefined amount. In some embodiments, the method includesdetermining the load applied by the underlying surface to the landinggear using a fluid pressure sensor coupled to a hydraulic braking systemcoupled to the landing gear of the vehicle.

In some embodiments, the landing configuration condition is satisfiedwhen the landing gear is in contact with the underlying surface. In someembodiments, the landing configuration condition is satisfied when theposition of the support portion relative to the platform portionapproaches a predefined threshold position. In some embodiments, themethod includes following terminating balancing of the vehicle, movingthe support portion relative to the platform portion in a directiontowards the landing gear. In some embodiments, prior to terminatingdynamic balancing of the vehicle, the method comprises commanding theactuator to move the support portion relative to the platform portion ina direction towards the landing gear.

The invention, in another aspect, features a dynamically-balancingvehicle. The vehicle includes a support, at least one wheel and acoupling structure having a support portion coupled to the support and aplatform portion coupled to the at least one wheel that allows thesupport portion to move or slide fore and aft with respect to theplatform portion. The vehicle also includes a drive coupled to the atleast one wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle and provide power tothe at least one wheel to propel the vehicle and an actuator coupled tothe coupling structure to control the position of the support portionrelative to the platform portion. The vehicle also includes landing gearcoupled to the vehicle, wherein the combination of the landing gear andthe at least one wheel maintain the vehicle in a statically-stable statewhen the vehicle is operating in statically-stable state and acontroller coupled to the drive to control the drive and coupled to theactuator to control the actuator. The controller is configured fortransitioning the vehicle from the dynamically-balanced state to thestatically-stable state. The vehicle is also configured to command theactuator to control the position of the support portion relative to theplatform portion to hold a zero speed condition and to hold the vehiclein a stationary position with respect to an underlying surface, controlthe drive to pitch the vehicle forward while maintaining the vehicle inthe dynamically-balanced state, and terminate dynamic balancing of thevehicle when a landing configuration condition is satisfied.

In some embodiments, the landing configuration condition is satisfiedwhen a load applied by the underlying surface to the landing gear isgreater than a predefined amount. In some embodiments, the vehicleincludes a fluid pressure sensor coupled to a hydraulic braking systemcoupled to the landing gear of the vehicle, wherein the fluid pressuresensor is used to determine the load applied by the underlying surfaceto the landing gear.

In some embodiments, the landing configuration is satisfied when thelanding gear is in contact with the underlying surface. In someembodiments, the landing configuration is satisfied when the position ofthe support portion relative to the platform portion approaches apredefined threshold position. In some embodiments, the controller isconfigured to move the support portion relative to the platform portionin a direction towards the landing gear following terminating dynamicbalancing of the vehicle. In some embodiments, the controller isconfigured to command the actuator to move the support portion relativeto the platform portion in a direction towards the landing gear prior toterminating dynamic balancing of the vehicle.

The invention, in another aspect, features a dynamically-balancingvehicle. The vehicle includes a support for supporting a payload, atleast a first and second wheel coupled to the support, and a drivecoupled to the first and second wheels to dynamically balance thevehicle and provide power to the first and second wheels to propel thevehicle. The vehicle also includes a controller coupled to the drive tocontrol the drive. The vehicle also includes at least a third wheelcoupled to the support and disposed fore or aft of the first and secondwheels, wherein the combination of the first, second and third wheelsmaintain the vehicle in a statically-stable state when the vehicle isoperating in the statically-stable state, and a braking systemcomprising brakes coupled to the first and second wheels, and anactuator assembly coupled to the third wheel for engaging anddisengaging the brakes, wherein the actuator assembly engages the brakeswhen the third wheel contacts an underlying surface and disengages thebrakes when the third wheel lifts off the underlying surface.

In some embodiments, the actuator assembly comprises a master cylinder,and the brakes comprise hydraulic brakes, and wherein the braking systemcomprises a hydraulic line coupling the master cylinder to the hydraulicbrakes. In some embodiments, the vehicle includes a fourth wheel coupledto the support that includes a master cylinder, wherein all the mastercylinders and the brakes are coupled together by hydraulic lines.

In some embodiments, each of the brakes is configured to engage inresponse to one or more master cylinders being compressed. In someembodiments, the vehicle includes a fluid pressure sensor coupled to thehydraulic lines to measure hydraulic pressure in the hydraulic lines todetermine the load applied by the underlying surface to the secondwheel. In some embodiments, the vehicle includes a brake sensor forproviding a brake-state signal to the controller. In some embodiments,the controller is configured to prohibit the vehicle from entering abalancing mode when the brake-state signal is indicative of the brakesbeing engaged.

The invention, in another aspect, features a method for braking adynamically-balancing vehicle. The vehicle includes a support forsupporting a payload, at least a first and second wheel coupled to thesupport, a drive coupled to the first and second wheels to dynamicallybalance the vehicle and provide power to the first and second wheels topropel the vehicle, a controller coupled to the drive to control thedrive, at least a second wheel coupled to the support and disposed foreor aft of the first and second wheels, wherein the combination of thefirst, second and third wheels maintain the vehicle in astatically-stable state when the vehicle is operating in thestatically-stable state, and a braking system comprising brakes coupledto the first and second wheels, and an actuator assembly coupled to thethird wheel. The method includes engaging the brakes with the actuatorassembly when the third wheel contacts an underlying surface, anddisengaging the brakes with the actuator assembly when the third wheellifts off the underlying surface.

In some embodiments, the actuator assembly includes a master cylinder,and the brakes comprise hydraulic brakes, and wherein the braking systemcomprises a hydraulic line coupling the master cylinder to the hydraulicbrakes. In some embodiments, the vehicle includes a fourth wheel coupledto the support that includes a master cylinder, wherein all the mastercylinders and the brakes are coupled together by hydraulic lines. Insome embodiments, the method includes engaging each of the brakes inresponse to one or more master cylinders being compressed.

In some embodiments, the method includes engaging the brakes with theactuator assembly in response to a master cylinder being compressed. Insome embodiments, the method includes measuring hydraulic pressure inthe hydraulic line to determine load applied by the underlying surfaceto the third wheel. In some embodiments, the method includes monitoringa brake-state signal to determine whether the brakes are engaged. Insome embodiments, the method includes prohibiting the vehicle fromentering a balancing mode when the brake-state signal is indicative ofthe brakes being engaged.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The foregoing features of the invention will be more readily understoodby reference to the following detailed description, taken with referenceto the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a vehicle, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 2B is a schematic illustration of a vehicle, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a control system for dynamicallycontrolling the stability of a vehicle, according to an illustrativeembodiment of the invention.

FIG. 3A is a block diagram of position of the center of gravity of avehicle with respect to a ground-contacting element of the vehicle.

FIG. 3B is a block diagram of an alternative position of the center ofgravity of the vehicle of FIG. 3A with respect to a ground-contactingelement of the vehicle.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a controller for controlling the operationof a vehicle, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 6A is a flowchart of a method for transitioning a vehicle from astatically-stable state to a dynamically-balanced state.

FIG. 6B is a flowchart of a method for transitioning a vehicle from adynamically-balanced state to a statically-stable state.

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a braking system for a vehicle,according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method for braking a dynamically-balancingvehicle, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF ILLUSTRATIVE EMBODIMENTS

FIG. 1 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle 100, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention. The vehicle 100 includes anenclosure 102 coupled to a support 104. The vehicle 100 also includes atleast one ground-contacting element 110 (e.g., one or more wheels)coupled to a platform 112. The ground-contacting element 110 rotatesabout an axle 114 which is coupled to the platform 112. The vehicle 100also includes a coupling structure 172 that includes a support portion172 a coupled to the support 104 and a platform portion 172 b coupled tothe platform 112. The coupling structure 172 allows the support portion172 a to move or slide for and aft with respect to the platform portion172 b.

In this embodiment, the coupling structure 172 is a slide assembly, andthe support portion 172 a is a rail and the platform portion 172 b is arail guide. In this embodiment, a human subject (not shown) manipulatesan input device 106 to cause a position of a center of gravity 140 ofthe vehicle 100 to change. The input device 106 is coupled to a linkage108. The linkage 108 is coupled to the support 104. The input device 106can be, for example, a control stick, yoke, steering wheel or handlebar.

The human subject pushes the input device 106 forward (toward thenegative X-Axis direction) which moves the enclosure 102 and support 104forward (toward the negative X-Axis direction) relative to theground-contacting element 110. The position of the center of gravity 140of the vehicle 100 moves forward in response to the enclosure 102 andsupport 104 moving forward. A forward torque is generated by theground-contacting element 110 in response to the center of gravity 140of the vehicle 100 moving forward. The human subject pulls the inputdevice 106 backward (toward the human subject's body and along thepositive X-Axis direction) which moves the enclosure 102 and support 104backward (toward the positive X-Axis direction) relative to theground-contacting element 110. The position of the center of gravity 140of the vehicle 100 moves backward in response to the enclosure 102 andsupport 104 moving backward. A negative torque is generated by theground-contacting element 110 in response to the position of the centerof gravity 140 of the vehicle 100 moving backward.

The vehicle 100 also includes an actuator 190 coupled to the couplingstructure 172 to control the position of the support portion 172 arelative to the platform portion 172 b. The vehicle 100 also includes adrive 180 coupled to the platform 112 and the ground-contacting element110. The drive 180 (e.g., a motorized drive) delivers power to theground-contacting element 110 to cause rotation of the ground-contactingelement 110 to propel/move the vehicle fore (towards the negative X-Axisdirection) and aft (towards the positive X-Axis direction). The drive180 also maintains the platform 112 at a desired orientation (e.g.,level or a desired variation near level) with respect to gravity. Insome embodiments, the vehicle 100 includes two or more laterallydisposed (along the Z-axis, with the positive direction along the Z-axisis out of the page) ground-contacting elements 110 which assist withproviding lateral stability to the vehicle 100.

The vehicle 100 also includes at least one controller 194 (e.g.,controller 400 of FIG. 4) coupled to the drive 180 to control the drive180 and coupled to the actuator 190 to control the actuator 190. Thecontroller 194 controls balancing of the vehicle 100 in response to theposition of the enclosure 102 and support 104 relative to theground-contacting element 110 and platform 112. A human subject (notshown) manipulates the input device 106 to command the drive 180 tocommand rotation of the ground-contacting element 110 to move thevehicle 100 in the fore and aft directions.

In some embodiments, when the enclosure 102, support 104 and supportportion 172 a slide forward or backward relative to the platform portion172 b, platform 112 and ground-contacting element 110, the enclosure102, support 104 and support portion 172 a remain at a desiredorientation (e.g., level or desired variation near level) relative tothe underlying surface/ground. In alternative embodiments, when theenclosure 102, support 104 and support portion 172 a slide forward orbackward relative to the platform portion 172 b, platform 112 andground-contacting element 110, the enclosure 102, support 104 andsupport portion 172 a pitch relative to the ground. The vehicle 100 canbe adapted such that enclosure 102, support 104 and support portion 172a pitch forward when the enclosure 102, support 104 and support portion172 a slide forward, or alternatively, adapted such that enclosure 102,support 104 and support portion 172 a pitch backward when the enclosure102, support 104 and support portion 172 a slide forward.

In some embodiments, the human subject shifts his/her weight forward orbackward to move the position of the center of gravity to cause thevehicle to move forward or backward, respectively, without causing theenclosure 102, support 104 and support portion 172 a to move relative tothe platform portion 172 b, platform 112 and the ground-contactingelement 110.

In some embodiments, the linkage 108 is coupled to a device thatprovides stiffness or damping to movement of the linkage 108 to, forexample, enforce particular types of inputs to the vehicle and/orenhance the human subject's experience. In some embodiments, the devicelimits the speed that the linkage 108 is permitted to move which limitsthe speed at which the position of the center of gravity 140 ispermitted to change and, therefore, limits the rate of change of thespeed of the vehicle 100.

In some embodiments, the device damps oscillations in the movement ofthe linkage 108 to reduce oscillations in the pitch control loop and/orcenter of gravity control loop of a controller that controls operationof the vehicle 100. In the absence of the device, oscillations inducedin the linkage 108 by, for example, a human subject pushing or pullingthe input device 106 would result in oscillations in the pitch and/orspeed of the vehicle 100.

In some embodiments, the support portion 172 a and/or platform portion172 b includes a damper to prevent the speed of the vehicle 100 fromoscillating when the support portion 172 a moves out of phase withrespect to the platform portion 172 b due to, for example, an externaldisturbance or on-vehicle disturbance. For example, when the vehicle 100travels over a bump, the support portion 172 a may move or sliderelative to the platform portion 172 b, thereby moving the position ofthe center of gravity 140 of the vehicle 100. Movement of the positionof the center of gravity 140 fore or aft causes the vehicle 100 toaccelerate or decelerate. Therefore, a damper coupling the supportportion 172 a to the platform portion 172 b would reduce the highfrequency motion otherwise induced by the bump, and reduce the variationin the speed of the vehicle 100 due to the bump. The damper would notdamp lower frequency motions introduced, for example, by a human subjectpushing the input device 1 to command a change to the position of thecenter of gravity 140 of the vehicle. In some embodiments, the damper isconfigured to damp high frequency oscillations or impulses. The dampercan be a mechanical damper coupling the support portion 172 a to theplatform portion 172 b. In some embodiments, the damper is a dampingterm implemented in the controller 194.

FIG. 2A is a schematic illustration of a vehicle 200, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention. The enclosure 202 is coupledto the support 204. The at least one ground-contacting element 210 iscoupled to the platform 212. The ground-contacting element 210 rotatesabout the axle 214. The vehicle 200 also includes a coupling structurethat is at least one four-bar linkage 224 (combination of first bar 224a and second bar 224 b). A first end 252 a of the first bar 224 a iscoupled to the support 204 and a first end 252 b of the second bar 224 bis coupled to the support 204. First end 252 a and first end 252 b ofthe bars are the support portion of the coupling structure. A second end256 a of the first bar 224 a is coupled to the platform 212 and a secondend 256 b of the second bar 224 b is coupled to the platform 212. Secondend 256 a and second end 256 b of the bars are the platform portion ofthe coupling structure.

The enclosure 202 and support 204 move along a path 260 defined by arotation of the four-bar linkage 224 in the X-Y plane. In thisembodiment, a human subject (not shown) manipulates an input device 206to cause the position of the center of gravity 240 of the vehicle 200 tochange. The input device 206 is coupled to the linkage 208. The linkage208 is coupled to the support 204. The human subject pushes the inputdevice 206 forward (toward the negative X-Axis direction) which movesthe enclosure 202 and support 204 along the path 260 defined by therotation of the four-bar linkage 224, moving the enclosure 202 andsupport 204 forward (toward the negative X-Axis direction) relative tothe ground-contacting element 210. The position of the center of gravity240 of the vehicle 200 moves forward in response to the enclosure 202and support 204 moving forward. A forward torque is generated by theground-contacting element 210 in response to the position of the centerof gravity 240 of the vehicle 200 moving forward.

The human subject pulls the input device 206 backward (toward the humansubject's body and along the positive X-Axis direction) which moves theenclosure 202 and support 204 along the path 260 defined by the rotationof the four-bar linkage 224, moving the enclosure 202 and support 204backward (toward the positive X-Axis direction) relative to theground-contacting element 210. The position of the center of gravity 240of the vehicle 200 moves backward in response to the enclosure 202 andsupport 204 moving backward. A negative torque is generated by theground-contacting element 210 in response to the position of the centerof gravity 240 of the vehicle 200 moving backward.

In some embodiments, the vehicle 200 includes two laterally disposedground-contacting elements. The vehicle also includes two four-barlinkages (e.g., two of the four-bar linkages 224). Each four-bar linkageis coupled to one of the two laterally disposed ground-contactingelements. In some embodiments, one or more four-bar linkages areflexible bars. The flexible bars bend to permit, for example, theenclosure and support to move along a path (e.g., the path 260 of FIG.2A).

FIG. 2B is a three-dimensional view of a vehicle 268, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention. A human subject (not shown)rests on a support 272 in an enclosure 276 that at least partiallyencloses the human subject. The vehicle 268 includes two wheels 260,264. The two wheels 260, 264 are coupled to a platform 280. Wheel 260 islaterally disposed to wheel 264. The wheels each rotate about an axle284 and are powered by at least one drive 288 (e.g., a motorized drive).A controller (292) is coupled to the drive 288 for providing a controlsignal in response to changes in vehicle orientation (e.g., pitch) andposition of the center of gravity 296 of the vehicle 268.

As the human subject mounts the vehicle 268, the controller 292implements a control loop and senses a change in the vehicle's 268orientation that can result from a change in the position of the centerof gravity 296 in a fore-aft plane and controls power provided to thewheels 260, 264 based upon the change to the position of the center ofgravity 296. In response to the change in the vehicle's 268 orientationand changes in the position of the center of gravity 296, torque isapplied to the wheels 260, 264 to dynamically stabilize the vehicle 268,similarly as described in U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/266.170(the entire contents of which are hereby incorporated by reference inits entirety).

In one embodiment, as the position of the center of gravity 296 moves ina fore direction (toward the negative X-Axis direction), the drive 288provides power to the two wheels 260, 264 sufficient to cause thevehicle 268 to move forward (toward the negative X-Axis direction). Asthe center of gravity 296 moves in the aft direction (toward thepositive X-Axis direction), the drive 288 provides power to the twowheels 260, 264 sufficient to cause the vehicle 268 to slow and reversedirection such that the vehicle 268 moves backward (toward the positiveX-Axis direction.

The pitch of the vehicle 268 (angular orientation of the vehicle 268about the axle 284) may also be sensed and compensated for in thecontrol loop. The controller includes gyroscopes for sensing orientationof the vehicle 268 that can result from changes in the position of thecenter of gravity 296.

Vehicle 268 pitch variation is decreased during operation when thevehicle 268 is dynamically stabilized based on the change in theposition of the support portion relative to the platform portion (e.g.,support portion 172 a and platform portion 172 b of FIG. 1) rather thanin response to a change in pitch. It also shortens the time it takes thevehicle 268 to respond to an acceleration and/or deceleration command.The vehicle 268 accelerates and/or decelerates by restoring the positionof the center of gravity 296 of the vehicle 268 over the location thatthe wheels 260 and 264 contact the ground. If the vehicle 268 wasaccelerated and/or decelerated in response to a change in pitch, acontroller of the vehicle 268 would first need to induce a change in theposition of the center of gravity 296 relative to a steady stateposition and then command the drive 288 to operate the wheels 260 and264 in such a manner as to position the center of gravity 296 above thelocation where the ground-contacting elements contact the ground. Thetime required to induce a change in the position of the center ofgravity 296 back to the steady state position is a time delay for thevehicle 268 to respond to an acceleration and/or deceleration commandcompared to acceleration and/or deceleration in response to a change inthe position of the center of gravity. The vehicle 268 does not need toinduce the change in the position of the center of gravity 296 from asteady state because the change of the position of the center of gravity296 is inherent in the acceleration and/or deceleration command. Theacceleration and/or deceleration command necessitates a change in theorientation of the vehicle 268 to position the center of gravity 296 inthe correct position so that acceleration and/or deceleration can begin.

FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a control system 300 for dynamicallycontrolling the stability of a vehicle having two laterally disposedwheels (e.g., wheels 260 and 264 of FIG. 2B), according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention. A controller 302 (e.g.,controller 400 of FIG. 4) receives an input characteristic of a positionof the support portion (e.g., support portion 172 a of FIG. 1) relativeto the platform portion (e.g., platform portion 172 b of FIG. 1) whichaffects the location of the center of gravity of the vehicle, from asensor module 304. Based on at least the position of the support portionrelative to the platform portion provided by the sensor module 304, thecontroller 302 commands torque T of at least one of the left motorizeddrive 306 or right motorized drive 308 (e.g., torque applied to thecorresponding ground-contacting elements).

FIGS. 3A and 3B are block diagrams that illustrate the effect of theposition of the center of gravity 322 of a vehicle 330 on operation ofthe vehicle 330, according to an illustrative embodiment of theinvention. The vehicle 330 has a total mass M₂ (weight of M₂g). The massof a payload and a portion of the vehicle 330 is denoted as M₁ (weightof M₁g) which corresponds to the mass of the center of gravity 322. Themass of two laterally disposed contacting elements 320 is denoted asmass M₀ (weight of M₀g). The weight of the vehicle 330 is expressed as:M ₂ g=M ₁ g+M ₀ g   EQN. 1The portion of the vehicle 330 capable of moving along the X-Axisdirection relative to the position of the ground-contacting elements 320is represented by the center of gravity 322. Referring to FIG. 3A, thecenter of gravity 322 is located at an initial location 334 above thelocation 338 where the ground-contacting elements 320 contact theground.

Referring to FIG. 3B, the center of gravity 322 is located at a location342, at a distance L along the negative X-Axis direction relative to theinitial location 334. In one embodiment, the center of gravity 322 ispositioned at location 342 by a human subject moving the position of thecenter of gravity of the vehicle 330. The sensor module 304 (of FIG. 3)provides the pitch of the vehicle 330 and the orientation of the vehicle330 to the controller 302. The pitch and orientation change as theposition 342 of the center of gravity 322 changes. The controller 302outputs a signal to the left motorized drive 306 and right motorizeddrive 308 to apply a torque [T=(M₁g)(L)] to the ground-contactingelements 320 to cause the ground-contacting elements 320 to move in thedirection (e.g., forward along the negative X-Axis direction) the centerof gravity 322 has been displaced from the previous location 338 tomaintain balance of the vehicle 330.

The masses of the vehicle 330 can be advantageously distributed betweenthe payload and related structure (collectively 322) and the groundcontacting-elements and related structure (collectively 320) to maximizeacceleration and deceleration performance. In one embodiment, it isadvantageous to locate a larger percentage of the total vehicle 330 masswith the moving portion of the vehicle 330 (i.e., with the payload andrelated structure 322) to maximize acceleration and decelerationperformance. Placing more of the total vehicle 330 mass with the movingportion 322 enables the larger amount of mass to contribute togenerating the motor commands required to accelerate or decelerate thevehicle 330. If, however, more of the total vehicle 330 mass was placedwith the ground-contacting elements and related structure 320, thelarger percentage of mass would be a load that the vehicle 330 needs tomove as part of the entire vehicle 330.

The controller 302 also interfaces with a user interface 310 and a wheelrotation sensor 312. The user interface 310 can, for example, includecontrols for turning the vehicle on or off, or for triggering differentoperating modes of the vehicle.

The sensor module 304 detects one or more vehicle parameters todetermine a change in the position of the center of gravity of thevehicle (e.g., due to movement of the support portion 172 a relative tothe platform portion 172 b of the vehicle 100 of FIG. 1). In oneembodiment, the sensor module 304 generates a signal indicative of achange in the position of the center of gravity at one instance in timewith respect to the position of the center of gravity at anotherinstance in time. For example, a distance sensor attached to a spring, aload sensor, an inclinometer, a gyroscope, whiskers and/or an angularrate sensor can be used to determine a change in the center of gravityof the vehicle. Other sensors (e.g., optical sensors and/or magneticsensors) can also be employed and are therefore within the scope of thepresent invention.

The controller 302 includes a control algorithm to determine the amountof torque to be applied by the left motorized drive 306 and/or rightmotorized drive 308 based on the slide position (i.e., support portionrelative to the platform portion). The control algorithm can beconfigured, for example, during the design of the vehicle or in realtime, on the basis of a current operating mode of the vehicle, operatingconditions experienced by the vehicle, as well as preferences of a humansubject.

As an example, not meant to be limiting, the control algorithm can takethe form:Torque Command=K·(C+O)   EQN. 2where K is the gain, C is a vector defining the position of the centerof gravity of the vehicle, and O is an offset. The position of thecenter of gravity, C, can be in the form of an error term defined as thedesired position of the slide (support portion relative to the platformportion) minus the sensed position of the slide. Changing the slideposition can be the method used to affect the position of the CG. Thedesired position of the slide can be for example, a predeterminedconstant in the control algorithm. Alternatively, a human subject in thevehicle can set the position of the slide via a user interface. In thisembodiment, upon starting the vehicle and prior to allowing movement ofthe vehicle, a human subject can activate a switch on the vehicle thattriggers determination of the desired position of the slide based oninputs received from the sensor module. This allows the human subject toacquire a known initial position of the slide, from which the humansubject can then deviate so as to cause a change in the position of theslide (causing a change in the position of the CG).

The gain, K, can be a predetermined constant, or can be entered oradjusted by the human subject through the user interface 310. Gain K is,most generally, a vector, with the torque determined as a scalar productof the gain and the position of the slide displacement vector.Responsiveness of the vehicle to changes in the position of the slidecan be governed by K. For example, increasing the magnitude of at leastone element of vector K causes a human subject to perceive a stifferresponse in that a small change in the position of the slide results ina large torque command.

Offset, O, can be incorporated into the control algorithm to govern thetorque applied to the left motorized drive 306 and right motorizeddrives 308, either in addition to, or separate from, the direct effectof C. Thus, for example, the human subject can provide an input by meansof the user interface 310 (e.g., input 106 of FIG. 1), the input istreated by the controller 302 equivalently to a change, for example, inthe position of the slide.

In one embodiment, steering can be accomplished by calculating thetorque desired for the left motorized drive 306 and the torque desiredfor the right motorized drive 308 separately. Additionally, trackingboth the left wheel motion and the right wheel motion permitsadjustments to be made, as known to persons of ordinary skill in thecontrol arts, to prevent unwanted turning of the vehicle and to accountfor performance variations between the left motorized drive 306 and theright motorized drive 308.

Steering may be accomplished in an embodiment having at least twolaterally disposed ground-contacting elements (e.g., a left and rightwheel), by providing, for example, separate motors for left and rightground-contacting elements. Torque desired for the left motor and thetorque desired for the right motor can be calculated separately.Additionally, tracking both the left ground-contacting element motionand the right ground-contacting element motion with theground-contacting element rotation sensors 312 permits adjustments to bemade, as known to persons of ordinary skill in the control arts, toprevent unwanted turning of the vehicle and to account for performancevariations between the two motors. In some embodiments, steeringsensitivity is adjusted to a higher sensitivity when a vehicle is atlower speeds and lower sensitivity when a vehicle is at higher speeds toallow, for example, easier steering at higher speeds.

In some embodiments, the control system 300 limits the speed of thevehicle. The speed limit can be set based on, for example, a maximumspeed associated with the operating mode of the vehicle or an input fromthe human subject.

In one embodiment, the control system 300 includes a speed limitingalgorithm that regulates the speed of the vehicle by controlling thepitch of the vehicle. The controller 302 changes the pitch of thevehicle which moves the position of the center of gravity. Changes inthe position of the center of gravity cause the vehicle to accelerate ordecelerate depending on which direction the center of gravity is moved.The speed limiting algorithm causes the controller 302 to limit thespeed of the vehicle by adjusting a desired pitch angle Θ_(D). The pitchcontrol loop of the system 300 controls the system 300 to achieve thedesired pitch angle Θ_(D).

The adjustment of the desired pitch angle θ_(D) is determined based onthe following relationship:

$\begin{matrix}{\Theta_{D} = {K\; 1*\begin{bmatrix}{\overset{\overset{A}{︷}}{K\; 2*\left( {V_{SpeedLimit} - V_{c\; m}} \right)} +} \\{\overset{\overset{B}{︷}}{K\; 3*({IntegratedSpeedError})} + \overset{\overset{C}{︷}}{K\; 4*({Acceleration})}}\end{bmatrix}}} & {{EQN}.\mspace{14mu} 3}\end{matrix}$where V_(SpeedLimit) is the current maximum allowed speed of thevehicle, V_(cm) is the speed of the vehicle, K2 is a gain proportionalto the difference between the vehicle's speed limit and the vehicle'sactual speed, K3 is a gain on the Integrated Speed Error, which is theintegrated difference between the vehicle's speed limit and thevehicle's actual speed, K4 is a gain on the acceleration of the vehicle,K1 is a gain on the overall calculated desired pitch that can be afunction of, for example, a position of the center of gravity of thevehicle, and θ_(D) is the desired pitch angle. The cumulative effect ofterms A, B and C in EQN. 3 is to cause the vehicle to pitch backwardinto a deceleration orientation if the forward speed limit is exceeded.The value of the desired pitch angle, θ_(D) is varied in the controlsystem 300 to control the speed of the vehicle.

In one embodiment, the desired pitch angle θ_(D) remains constant (e.g.,the vehicle remains level with respect to the ground plane). When apredefined maximum speed limit is reached, the control system 300responds by setting the desired pitch angle θ_(D) to a value todecelerate the vehicle to prevent the vehicle from exceeding the maximumspeed limit. This has the effect of the control system 300 commandingthe vehicle to pitch backwards which causes the speed of the vehicle todecrease.

In some embodiments, the control system 300 is configured to account forthe human subject commanding the vehicle to slow down. When the controlsystem 300 determines that the human subject has caused the position ofthe center of gravity to shift rearward, the controller reduces thevalue of the gain K1. By reducing the value of the gain K1, the pitchangle terms in the control system 300 (governed by, for example, EQN. 3)are de-emphasized. Because the control system 300 de-emphasizes thepitch angle terms, the control system 300 does not command the vehicleto pitch backwards as much as it would in the absence of the humansubject commanding the vehicle to slow down.

FIG. 4 is a block diagram of a controller 400 for controlling theoperation of a vehicle (e.g., vehicle 100 of FIG. 1), according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention. The vehicle's dynamic responseto a rider's 402 or a controller's 404 (e.g., autonomous) inputcommands, terrain, payload, wind load, and system capability can bemanaged by a number of nested and cooperative closed-loop systemcontrollers. The pitch controller 406 maintains dynamic stability of thevehicle. The pitch controller 406 can take feedback data from varioussources, for example, pitch and pitch rate 408 from the pitch stateestimator (PSE) 410, and slide position 412 from slide-mounted stringpotentiometer 414 (or, an other suitable sensor that provides a measureof the position of, for example, the support portion of the couplingstructure relative to the platform portion of the coupling structure).The pitch controller 416 can output wheel motor speed commands 418 tokeep the vehicle chassis (e.g., support) level.

The vehicle's yaw controller 466 can take, as input, steering commandsfrom the HMI 402 (or the controller 404) and compare the steeringcommands 420 to the wheels speeds 422 from the wheel motor drives 424 tocreate wheel motor speed command components 426 needed to steer and turnthe vehicle. The wheel motor speed commands 438 can include a commandcomponent for the vehicle's propulsion and a command component for thevehicle's steering. In some embodiments, the steering command component426 is added to the propulsion command component 418 (from the pitchcontroller 406) for one wheel and subtracted from the propulsioncomponent 418 for the other wheel.

The vehicle's velocity controller 428 can take, as input, vehicle speedcommands 430 from the HMI 402 (or the controller 404), that have, ifnecessary, been limited by the vehicle's speed limiter 432. Thevehicle's velocity controller 428 can create slide position commands 434to adjust the position of the slide affecting the position of the CG andthus, adjust torque applied by the wheels to an underlying surface toadjust the acceleration and speed of the vehicle. The vehicle's velocitycontroller 428 can receive velocity feedback from both the wheel 422 andthe slide 436 motor drives.

Wheel speed command components 418 and 426 can be output from the pitch406 and yaw 466 controllers and can be combined to create overall motorspeed commands 438 that the vehicle can use to balance, steer and drivethe vehicle. The resulting wheel speed commands 438 can be sent to wheelmotor drives 424 which can control the speeds of the wheel motors 442.The wheel motor drives 424 can be digitally controlled, sine modulated,and permanent magnet motor drives.

A slide position command 434 can be output from the vehicle's velocitycontroller 428, which may be limited by the effort limiter 444, can beinput to a slide position controller 446. The slide position controller446 compares the slide position command 434 to the actual slide position412 from the string potentiometer and outputs slide motor speed command448. The motor speed command 448 can be input to slide actuator motordrive 450 which can control the slide's motor 468 speed.

Inside the vehicle's wheel motor drives 424, there can be motor speedloops to control motor current loops which can control duty cycles ofpower bridges that can output varying 3-phase voltages to the vehicle'swheel motors 442. The vehicle's wheel motor positions 458 can be fedback to the wheel motor drives 424 from motor shaft encoders 460 forcommutation and for closing the speed loop. The speed controllers can beconfigured with proportional gains. Thus, a steady-state speed error candevelop under a load. The presence of a steady-state speed error canhelp ensure that loads carried by redundant motors, if implemented, areshared in a reasonably well-balanced fashion. A current limiter in eachwheel motor drive 424 can protect the motor drives 424 and their motors442 from overheating while allowing peak torque capability for shortdurations and continuous torque capability for indefinite periods ofoperation.

In order to know how much to limit the effort demanded of the propulsionsystem, the wheel motor current capability can be estimated. The motorcurrent capability can be estimated by knowing the present motor speed,current and current limits, which can be fed back from the wheel motordrives 424, and the estimated battery resistance and open-circuitvoltage from the battery state estimator (BSE) 452. Thus, the BSE 452can use the current and terminal voltage fed back from the battery 456to estimate the battery resistance by monitoring how much the batteryvoltage changes in response to battery current changes. The BSE 452 canestimate the open-circuit battery voltage (the no-load voltage) from theactual battery current and terminal voltage and the battery's estimatedresistance.

Using as inputs the battery state estimates from the BSE 452, and themotor current, current limit and speed feedback from the wheel motordrives 424, the motor current capability estimator (CCE) 454 canestimate the motor current that the vehicle's propulsion system canproduce at any point in time. The current capability can be passed tothe effort limiter 444, which limits the slide position to keep a marginbetween the commanded current and the current capability of the system,thus balancing and steering capability can be maintained. The vehicle'smotor drives 424 can include current limiting algorithms to adjust thevehicle's motor current between peak and continuous limits. The limitsare selected to protect both the motors 442 and the drives 424. Any timethe commanded or target current is above a drive's continuous limit, thedrive's enforced limit can slew down to the drive's continuous limit.When the motor target current drops below the continuous limit, theenforced limit can slew back up to the peak limit. The enforced limitscan be fed back from the drives 424 to the CCE 454.

The vehicle's speed limiter 432 can set the top speed limit of thesystem and implement a slowdown response that can be requested by thevehicle's safety kernel 462. Thus, the speed limiter 432 can pass aspeed limit value 464 to the vehicle's velocity controller 428, whichenforces it. As the safety kernel 462 determines that a slowdownresponse is needed, it can request a slowdown response from the speedlimiter 432. The speed limiter 432 can calculate a time-varying speedlimit that can be used for the slowdown response and pass thetime-varying speed values to the velocity controller 428.

There are several responses to hazards and faults 466 that the safetykernel 462 can issue that can result in changing the speed limit. Forexample, limit-speed response, zero-speed response, full-system safetyshutdown, and half-system safety shutdown (for redundant systems). Theyare similar in the fact that they can all cause the system todecelerate; and differ on the values they can limit to and the ratesthey can cause the system to decelerate at. Additionally, safetyshutdown responses can be coupled with landing (transitioning to astatically-stable state) and power down commands once the system hasreached zero speed.

The vehicle's limit-speed response can be issued under transientconditions such as when an inertial measurement unit (IMU) 470 is“dizzy”. Once the transient condition disappears (e.g., no longerturning fast) the limit on speed can be slowly lifted. The zero-speedresponse can be issued, for example, if the conditions causing thelimit-speed response persist, and the system can set the speed limit tozero fairly rapidly.

The safety shutdown responses can be issued when the system hasencountered a fault that requires the system to come to rest and powerdown. A safety shutdown brings the system to zero speed. The rate atwhich the system is brought to zero speed can vary with the type ofsafety shutdown. In cases where the full system is available, the systemcan decelerate at the maximum possible rate to minimize the time thesystem remains on while faulted. For redundant systems in thehalf-system case, the slowdown rate can be cut in half because thesystem only has half capability and trying to decelerate at maximum fullsystem rates can increase the likelihood of saturating the half-systemcapability. The speed limiter 432 can inform the safety kernel 462 whenit has achieved its task, but sometimes can delay the feedback toensure, for example, that the system dynamics have settled beforeissuing land and power-down commands.

The pitch controller 406 can use estimated feedback data for pitch andpitch rate 408. These estimates can be calculated in the Pitch StateEstimator (PSE) 410 from raw angular rate and accelerometer data fromthe IMU 470.

The pitch controller 406 can be a closed-loop controller and can be theprimary balancing function. The pitch controller 406 has as inputsinformation about the desired and measured pitch orientations of thevehicle with respect to gravity and can create commands for theactuators to provide stabilizing forces. These forces, while providingstability in the pitch axis, concurrently provide a propulsive force forthe general fore/aft motion of the vehicle. The output 418 of the pitchcontroller 406 is a component of the overall propulsion command and canbe added to the other components in another module.

The pitch controller 406 can include four terms, the sum of which canconstitute the pitch command. The first term can be a gain applied tothe difference between the desired and measured/estimated pitch, alsoknown as the “error.” The product of the gain and the error is commonlyreferred to as a “proportional term.” When applied to the balancingvehicle, the proportional term drives the vehicle in the direction ofthe vehicle pitch or “lean.” An additional degree of freedom representedby the linear slide actuator can require compensation in the first termof the pitch controller. A pitch offset can be applied as a function ofthe slide position. The pitch offset term offsets a desired pitch by acurrent slide position multiplied by an empirically-derived gain. Thiscan be done to compensate for the increasing torque demand on the wheelactuator as the distance to the overhung load is increased in magnitude.The distance to the overhung load is calculated as the fore/aft distancefrom the neutral balance point (not from the center of slide travel).The second term can be a gain applied to the pitch rate data. This termis commonly referred to as a “rate term.” A rate term opposes pitchmotion, and thus can resist changes in orientation. It can be a sourceof damping in the controller.

The third term can be for a motor drive that controls speed or voltage.It can be a “feed-forward term” based on average speed of the left andright wheel motors. This term can be used to provide some steady statecommand for a given vehicle speed so as to reduce the need for pitcherror to grow as speed increases. This term can be unnecessary for thepitch controller when directly commanding motor current. The fourth termcan be for slide motion compensation. As the slide moves it impartsdisturbance forces on the system. This term can be a “feed-forward term”based on slide motion. The term can be used to provide some damping whenthere is relative motion between the support portion of the couplingstructure of the vehicle relative to the platform portion of thecoupling structure of the vehicle. It can perform the function of addingdamping when the pitch loop is excited by any relative motion betweenthe support portion relative to the platform portion.

In one embodiment, the method is implemented using a velocity controller(referring to the vehicle velocity controller 428 of FIG. 4 used tocontrol operating speed of vehicle 100 of FIG. 1). The velocitycontroller is a closed-loop controller that regulates the fore/aftmotion of the vehicle. It accomplishes this through the combined effectsof controlling the slide controller 446 and the pitch controller 406.The velocity controller 428 calculates a desired position for the slidewhich the slide position controller carries out. The resulting shift inthe position of the center of gravity (CG) in turn can induce motion bycausing pitch error, and thus wheel motion can be driven by the pitchcontroller.

The velocity controller 428 can be a high-level controller that canutilize lower-level controllers directly (slide) and indirectly (pitch)to control the plant. The output of the velocity controller can be adesired slide position that feeds the slide controller. By positioningthe enclosure 102, support 104, and support portion 172 a of thecoupling structure 172 and battery mass relative to the wheels 110, thevelocity controller 428 can induce commands in the pitch loop which inturn can give rise to vehicle accelerations which the velocitycontroller can utilize to achieve its goal.

The target of the velocity loop can be calculated from one of twosources, either the manual controls 402 or the controller 404. Thevelocity controller 428 is capable of switching between these twosources while the loop is closing to achieve the operational goals ofthe system, including mode switching on the fly. The velocity controller428 can have a proportional term and an integral term. The integral termcan be important for several reasons. It can provide the system with itsstation-keeping capability on flat ground, inclined surfaces, in thepresence of external disturbances (e.g., wind) and compensate for thevariation in system losses that occur over the working speed range toeffectively achieve the target.

The velocity controller 428 feedback is a combination of wheel velocity422 and slide velocity 436. This can be important for the stability ofthe velocity loop. Consider a hypothetical case where the system is atrest and the velocity controller 428 is using only the average of allthe present wheel speeds as feedback. If forward speed is desired, theslide can be moved forward. As the slide moves forward, there is areaction force on the chassis which can cause the wheels to rollbackwards. This rolling backwards can increase the velocity error andpush the slide further forward, which in turn can increase the backwardrolling and so forth creating positive feedback. By taking the vehiclevelocity to be the sum of the average of the present wheel and slidespeeds this undesired response can be remedied because as the wheels aremoving back the slide can be moving forward which can have the tendencyto cancel the effect.

The reverse mode of operation can be implemented by setting limits onthe velocity target based upon the forward/reverse state. In the reversemode some small speed limit can be allowed (e.g., less than 3 mph) andin forward mode no reverse motion can be allowed. Forward motioncommands can be allowed in both modes; forward mode can be thought of asa reverse motion inhibit mode. Transitions between modes can beregulated by system dynamic data and a mode input switch (e.g., operableby a user or autonomous controller). In one embodiment, to enablereverse mode when in forward mode, the criteria can be: the system speedmust be low, the velocity target must be low, and the forward/reversemode button must be pressed. The request can be not latched. To enableforward mode when in reverse mode, one can toggle modes with samecriteria for entering reverse mode or push the throttle input forward ifthe system is at zero speed.

Take-off and Landing

FIG. 5 is a schematic illustration of a vehicle 500, according to anillustrative embodiment of the invention. The vehicle 500 is similar tothe vehicle 100 of FIG. 1 and, common reference numbers refer to commonelements. The vehicle 500 includes landing gear 504 that is coupled tothe vehicle 500. In this embodiment, the landing gear 504 includes awheel 508. When the vehicle 500 is pitched forward (rotated along curve528 toward the fore direction) by a predetermined amount, the landinggear 504 is in contact with the underlying surface 532. The combinationof the landing gear 504 and the at least one wheel 110 maintain thevehicle 500 in a statically-stable state. In one embodiment, the atleast one wheel 110 is a plurality of laterally disposed wheels. Inanother embodiment, the landing gear 504 is a plurality of skids, pads,or wheel assemblies that provide lateral stability to the vehicle 500when the vehicle 500 is not powered. In this embodiment, the landinggear 504 is located fore of the at least one wheel 110; however, in someembodiments, the landing gear 504 is located aft of the at least onewheel 110.

The vehicle 500 also includes a master cylinder 512 coupled to thelanding gear 504 and a brake 516 (e.g., a hydraulic caliper brake)coupled to the at least one wheel 110. The master cylinder 512 iscoupled to the brake 516 by a hydraulic line 520. The combination of themaster cylinder and hydraulic line 520 form an actuator system forengaging and disengaging the brake 516. Alternative actuator systems canbe used to actuate the brake 516 in response to, for example, apredetermined condition being satisfied (e.g., load applied to thelanding gear). The master cylinder 512 converts non-hydraulic pressure(e.g., displacement of a piston in the master cylinder 512 from contactwith the underlying surface 532) into hydraulic pressure in thehydraulic line 520 to actuate the brake 516. The vehicle can alsoinclude a brake sensor 524 that monitors the vehicle 500 to determine ifthe brake 516 is engaged. In one embodiment, the brake sensor 524 is afluid pressure sensor coupled to the hydraulic line 520 to measure fluidpressure in the hydraulic braking system. The combination of the mastercylinder 512, brake 516, hydraulic line 520 and the brake sensor 524form a braking system for the vehicle 500.

FIG. 6A is a flowchart of a method for transitioning a vehicle (e.g.,the vehicle 500 of FIG. 5) from a statically-stable state to adynamically-balanced state. The method includes controlling (604) thedrive (e.g., the drive 180 of FIG. 5) to command the at least one wheel(e.g., wheel 110 of FIG. 5) to hold a zero speed condition and to holdthe vehicle in a stationery position with respect to an underlyingsurface. The method also includes controlling (608) the actuator (e.g.,actuator 190 of FIG. 5) to move the position of the support portion ofthe coupling structure relative to the platform portion of the couplingstructure to alter the position of the center of gravity of the vehicletowards a location where the vehicle is capable of balancing with the atleast one wheel.

The method also includes determining if a predetermined condition hasbeen satisfied (612). If the predetermined condition has not beensatisfied, the vehicle (e.g., a controller of the vehicle) continues tomonitor the operation of the vehicle to determine when the predeterminedcondition has been satisfied. If the predetermined condition has beensatisfied, the method then proceeds with initiating (616) dynamicbalancing of the vehicle with the at least one wheel (e.g., wheel 110 ofFIG. 5). In some embodiments, the system determines whether the locationof the vehicle center of gravity satisfies the predetermined condition.In one embodiment, the predetermined condition is satisfied when a loadapplied by the underlying surface to the vehicle landing gear (e.g.,landing gear 504 of FIG. 5) is less than a predefined amount. In someembodiments, the system determines the load applied by the underlyingsurface to the landing gear using a fluid pressure sensor coupled to ahydraulic braking system that is coupled to the vehicle landing gear.

In some embodiments, the predetermined condition is satisfied when thevehicle pitches backward and the landing gear is no longer in contactwith the underlying surface. In some embodiments, the predeterminedcondition is satisfied when the position of the support portion relativeto the platform portion approaches a predefined threshold position(e.g., a position at which the position of the vehicle center of gravityis above the at least one wheel used to balance and propel the vehicle).

The method also includes controlling (620) the position of the supportportion relative to the platform portion and controlling pitch of thevehicle to level the support. By way of example, at the point where thedynamic balancing controller is enabled, the support and platform arestill tilted forward essentially as far as the support and platform werelocated when parked/stopped. The balancing (pitch) and slide positioncontrollers then work together to adjust the support and platform tiltto a level state. This is done by slewing the desired pitch (via thepitch controller) from the parked angle to zero (e.g., leveling platform112 of FIG. 1) while maintaining zero wheel velocity and position (viathe speed controller). The method also includes controlling (624) thedrive to disable the command that held the at least one wheel to a zerospeed condition and held the vehicle in a stationery position withrespect to the underlying surface. An operator may then, for example,command the vehicle to move.

FIG. 6B is a flowchart of a method for transitioning a vehicle (e.g.,vehicle 500 of FIG. 5) from a dynamically-balanced state to astatically-stable state. The method includes commanding the actuator(640) to control the position (e.g., using the controller 400 of FIG. 4)of the support portion of the vehicle coupling structure relative to theplatform portion of the vehicle coupling structure to hold a zero speedcondition and to hold the vehicle in stationery position with respect toan underlying surface. The method also includes controlling the drive(648) to pitch the vehicle forward while maintaining the vehicle in adynamically-balanced state. The method also, optionally, includespreventing (644) the vehicle from pitching backward after commanding theactuator to control the position of the support portion relative to theplatform portion to hold a zero speed condition and to hold the vehiclein a stationery position with respect to the underlying surface.

The method also includes determining if a landing configurationcondition has been satisfied (652). If the landing configurationcondition has not been satisfied, the vehicle (e.g., a controller of thevehicle) continues to monitor the operation of the vehicle to determinewhen the landing configuration condition has been satisfied. When thelanding configuration condition has been satisfied, the method thenterminates dynamic balancing of the vehicle (660). The method also,optionally, includes commanding (656) the actuator to move the supportportion relative to the ground portion in a direction towards thelanding gear. By way of example, one motivation for performing step 656prior to step 660, is to guarantee that the vehicle CG position islocated some distance towards the landing gear and that the platform isat least somewhat statically-stable prior to terminating dynamicbalancing of the vehicle (656). The method also includes moving (664)the support portion relative to the ground portion in a directiontowards the landing gear following terminating balancing of the vehicle.

In some embodiments, the landing configuration condition is satisfiedwhen a load applied by the underlying surface to the landing gear isgreater than a predefined amount. In some embodiments, the load appliedby the underlying surface to the landing gear is determined using afluid pressure sensor coupled to a hydraulic braking system coupled tothe landing gear of the vehicle (e.g., the braking system of FIG. 5). Insome embodiments, the landing configuration condition is satisfied whenthe landing gear is in contact with the underlying surface. In someembodiments, the landing configuration condition is satisfied when theposition of the support portion relative to the ground portionapproaches a predefined threshold position (e.g., a position at whichthe position of the vehicle center of gravity is generally locatedbetween the landing gear and the at least one wheel (e.g., wheel 110 ofFIG. 5)).

Vehicle Braking

FIG. 7 is a schematic illustration of a braking system 700 for avehicle, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. Thebraking system 700 may be used as, for example, a braking system for thevehicle 500 of FIG. 5. The braking system 700 includes two mastercylinders 704 a and 704 b (generally 704). The master cylinders 704 arecoupled to the vehicle landing gear (e.g., two sets of landing gear 504of FIG. 5 laterally disposed relative to each other). Loads applied bythe underlying surface to the landing gear are coupled to the mastercylinders 704. The braking system 700 also includes two hydraulic brakes708 a and 708 b (generally 708) coupled to two laterally disposed wheelsof the vehicle (e.g., the wheels used to propel and dynamically balancethe vehicle).

The master cylinders 704 and brakes 708 are coupled together usinghydraulic lines 716. The master cylinders 704, brakes 708 and hydrauliclines 716 are coupled together via a common manifold block 720. Themanifold block 720 causes the brakes 708 to be subject to the samehydraulic line pressure. When a load is applied to the landinggear/wheels, pistons in the master cylinders move and compress thehydraulic fluid in the hydraulic lines which increases the hydraulicpressure. The pressure in the hydraulic lines causes the brakes 708 toengage. When the load is removed from the landing gear/wheels, thepressure decreases in the hydraulic lines causing the brakes 708 todisengage. Two master cylinders 704 are used, and coupled to both brakes708, to allow both brakes 708 to engage even if only one of the landinggear assemblies supports the vehicle (e.g., as when on uneven pavement).

The braking system 700 also includes two pressure sensors/switches 712 aand 712 b (generally 712). The pressure sensors/switches 712 provide abrake-state signal to a vehicle controller (e.g., the controller 400 ofFIG. 4). In some embodiments, the controller prohibits the vehicle fromentering a balancing mode when the brake-state signal is indicative ofthe brakes being engaged.

FIG. 8 is a flowchart of a method for braking a dynamically-balancingvehicle, according to an illustrative embodiment of the invention. Thevehicle includes a support for supporting a payload, at least a firstand second wheel coupled to the support, a drive coupled to the firstand second wheels to dynamically balance the vehicle and provide powerto the first and second wheels to propel the vehicle, a controllercoupled to the drive to control the drive, at least a second wheelcoupled to the support and disposed fore or aft of the first and secondwheels, wherein the combination of the first, second and third wheelsmaintain the vehicle in a statically-stable state when the vehicle isoperating in the statically-stable state, and a braking systemcomprising brakes coupled to the first and second wheels, and anactuator assembly coupled to the third wheel. The method includesengaging the brakes with the actuator assembly when the third wheelcontacts an underlying surface (804). The method also includesdisengaging the brakes with the actuator assembly when the third wheellifts off the underlying surface (808).

In some embodiments, the actuator assembly for the braking systemincludes a master cylinder, the brakes are hydraulic brakes, and thebraking system also includes hydraulic lines that couple the mastercylinder to the hydraulic brakes.

In embodiments where the system includes hydraulic brakes and hydrauliclines, the method also includes measuring hydraulic pressure in thehydraulic lines to determine when a load is applied by the underlyingsurface to the third wheel (812). In these embodiments, step 804 isimplemented in response to a load being applied by the underlyingsurface to the third wheel. The method also includes monitoring abrake-state signal (816) to determine whether the brakes are engaged. Ifa controller (e.g., controller 194 of FIG. 5) determines the brakes areengaged, the controller prohibits the vehicle from entering a balancingmode (820).

The described embodiments of the invention are intended to be merelyexemplary and numerous variations and modifications will be apparent tothose skilled in the art. All such variations and modifications areintended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined inany appended claims.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A method for transitioning a vehicle from astatically-stable state to a dynamically-balanced state, the vehiclecomprising a support, at least one wheel, a coupling structure having asupport portion coupled to the support and a ground portion coupled tothe at least one wheel that allows the support portion to move or slidefore and aft with respect to the platform portion, a drive coupled tothe at least one wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle and providepower to the at least one wheel to propel the vehicle, an actuatorcoupled to the coupling structure to control a position of the supportportion relative to the platform portion, a controller coupled to thedrive to control the drive and coupled to the actuator to control theactuator, and a landing gear coupled to the vehicle, wherein thecombination of the landing gear and the at least one wheel maintain thevehicle in the statically-stable state when the vehicle is operating inthe statically-stable state, the method comprising: controlling thedrive to command the at least one wheel to hold a zero speed conditionand to hold the vehicle in a stationary position with respect to anunderlying surface; controlling the actuator to move or slide theposition of the support portion relative to the platform portion toalter the vehicle center of gravity position toward a location where thevehicle is capable of balancing with the at least one wheel; andinitiating dynamic balancing of the vehicle with the at least one wheelwhen the location of the vehicle center of gravity satisfies apredetermined condition.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein thepredetermined condition is satisfied when a load applied by theunderlying surface to the landing gear is less than a predefined amount.3. The method of claim 2, comprising determining the load applied by theunderlying surface to the landing gear using a fluid pressure sensorcoupled to a hydraulic braking system coupled to the landing gear of thevehicle.
 4. The method of claim 1, wherein the predetermined conditionis satisfied when the vehicle pitches backward and the landing gear isno longer in contact with the underlying surface.
 5. The method of claim1, wherein the predetermined condition is satisfied when the position ofthe support portion relative to the platform portion approaches apredefined threshold position.
 6. The method of claim 1, comprisingcontrolling the position of the support portion relative to the platformportion and pitch of the vehicle to level the support.
 7. The method ofclaim 6, comprising controlling the drive to disable the command thatheld the at least one wheel to a zero speed condition and held thevehicle in a stationary position with respect to the underlying surface.8. A dynamically-balancing vehicle, the vehicle comprising: a support;at least one wheel; a coupling structure having a support portioncoupled to the support and a platform portion coupled to the at leastone wheel that allows the support portion to move or slide fore and aftwith respect to the platform portion; a drive coupled to the at leastone wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle and provide power to the atleast one wheel to propel the vehicle; an actuator coupled to thecoupling structure to control a position of the support portion relativeto the platform portion; landing gear coupled to the vehicle, whereinthe combination of the a landing gear and the at least one wheelmaintain the vehicle in a statically-stable state when the vehicle isoperating in the statically-stable state; and a controller coupled tothe drive to control the drive and coupled to the actuator to controlthe actuator, the controller configured for transitioning the vehiclefrom the statically-stable state to the dynamically-balanced state,wherein the controller is configured to: control the drive to commandthe at least one wheel to hold a zero speed condition and to hold thevehicle in a stationary position with respect to an underlying surface,control the actuator to move or slide the position of the supportportion relative to the platform portion to alter the vehicle center ofgravity position toward a location where the vehicle is capable ofbalancing with the at least one wheel, and initiate dynamic balancing ofthe vehicle with the at least one wheel when the location of the vehiclecenter of gravity satisfies a predetermined condition.
 9. The vehicle ofclaim 8, wherein the predetermined condition is satisfied when a loadapplied by the underlying surface to the landing gear is less than apredefined amount.
 10. The vehicle of claim 9, comprising a fluidpressure sensor coupled to a hydraulic braking system coupled to thelanding gear of the vehicle, wherein the fluid pressure sensor is usedto determine the load applied by the underlying surface to the landinggear.
 11. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein the predetermined condition issatisfied when the vehicle pitches backward and the landing gear is nolonger in contact with the underlying surface.
 12. The vehicle of claim8, wherein the predetermined condition is satisfied when the position ofthe support portion relative to the platform portion approaches apredefined threshold position.
 13. The vehicle of claim 8, wherein thecontroller controls the drive and the actuator to control the positionof the support portion relative to the platform portion and the pitch ofthe vehicle to level the support.
 14. The vehicle of claim 8, whereinthe controller controls the drive to disable the command that held theat least one wheel to a zero speed condition and held the vehicle in astationary position with respect to the underlying surface.
 15. Thevehicle of claim 8, wherein the landing gear comprises one or morewheels.
 16. A method for transitioning a vehicle from adynamically-balanced state to a statically-stable state, the vehiclecomprising a support, at least one wheel, a coupling structure having asupport portion coupled to the support and a platform portion coupled tothe at least one wheel that allows the support portion to move or slidefore and aft with respect to the platform portion, a drive coupled tothe at least one wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle and providepower to the at least one wheel to propel the vehicle, an actuatorcoupled to the coupling structure to control a position of the supportportion relative to the platform portion, a controller coupled to thedrive to control the drive and coupled to the actuator to control theactuator, and a landing gear coupled to the vehicle, wherein thecombination of the landing gear and the at least one wheel maintain thevehicle in a statically-stable state when the vehicle is operating inthe statically-stable state, the method comprising: commanding theactuator to control the position of the support portion relative to theplatform portion to hold a zero speed condition and to hold the vehiclein a stationary position with respect to an underlying surface,controlling the drive to pitch the vehicle forward while maintaining thevehicle in the dynamically-balanced state, and terminating dynamicbalancing of the vehicle when a landing configuration condition issatisfied.
 17. The method of claim 16, comprising controlling thevehicle to prevent the vehicle from pitching backward after commandingthe actuator to control the position of the support portion relative tothe platform portion to hold a zero speed condition and to hold thevehicle in a stationary position with respect to an underlying surface.18. The method of claim 16, wherein the landing configuration conditionis satisfied when a load applied by the underlying surface to thelanding gear is greater than a predefined amount.
 19. The method ofclaim 18, comprising determining the load applied by the underlyingsurface to the landing gear using a fluid pressure sensor coupled to ahydraulic braking system coupled to the landing gear of the vehicle. 20.The method of claim 16, wherein the landing configuration condition issatisfied when the landing gear is in contact with the underlyingsurface.
 21. The method of claim 16, wherein the landing configurationcondition is satisfied when the position of the support portion relativeto the platform portion approaches a predefined threshold position. 22.The method of claim 16, comprising, following terminating balancing ofthe vehicle, moving the support portion relative to the platform portionin a direction towards the landing gear.
 23. The method of claim 16,wherein prior to terminating dynamic balancing of the vehicle, themethod comprises commanding the actuator to move the support portionrelative to the platform portion in a direction towards the landinggear.
 24. A dynamically-balancing vehicle, the vehicle comprising: asupport; at least one wheel; a coupling structure having a supportportion coupled to the support and a platform portion coupled to the atleast one wheel that allows the support portion to move or slide foreand aft with respect to the platform portion; a drive coupled to the atleast one wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle and provide power tothe at least one wheel to propel the vehicle; an actuator coupled to thecoupling structure to control a position of the support portion relativeto the platform portion; landing gear coupled to the vehicle, whereinthe combination of the a landing gear and the at least one wheelmaintain the vehicle in a statically-stable state when the vehicle isoperating in statically-stable state; and a controller coupled to thedrive to control the drive and coupled to the actuator to control theactuator, the controller configured for transitioning the vehicle fromthe dynamically-balanced state to the statically-stable state, whereinthe controller is configured to: command the actuator to control theposition of the support portion relative to the platform portion to holda zero speed condition and to hold the vehicle in a stationary positionwith respect to an underlying surface, control the drive to pitch thevehicle forward while maintaining the vehicle in thedynamically-balanced state, and terminate dynamic balancing of thevehicle when a landing configuration condition is satisfied.
 25. Thevehicle of claim 24, wherein the landing configuration condition issatisfied when a load applied by the underlying surface to the landinggear is greater than a predefined amount.
 26. The vehicle of claim 25,comprising a fluid pressure sensor coupled to a hydraulic braking systemcoupled to the landing gear of the vehicle, wherein the fluid pressuresensor is used to determine the load applied by the underlying surfaceto the landing gear.
 27. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein the landingconfiguration is satisfied when the landing gear is in contact with theunderlying surface.
 28. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein the landingconfiguration is satisfied when the position of the support portionrelative to the platform portion approaches a predefined thresholdposition.
 29. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein the controller isconfigured to move the support portion relative to the platform portionin a direction towards the landing gear following terminating dynamicbalancing of the vehicle.
 30. The vehicle of claim 24, wherein thecontroller is configured to command the actuator to move the supportportion relative to the platform portion in a direction towards thelanding gear prior to terminating dynamic balancing of the vehicle. 31.A dynamically-balancing vehicle, the vehicle comprising: a support forsupporting a payload; at least a first and second wheel coupled to thesupport; a drive coupled to the at least first and second wheel todynamically balance the vehicle and provide power to the at least firstand second wheel to propel the vehicle; a controller coupled to thedrive to control the drive; the at least first and second wheel furthercomprises a third wheel coupled to the support and disposed fore or aftof the at least first and second wheels, wherein the combination of theat least first and second wheel and the third wheel maintain the vehiclein a statically-stable state when the vehicle is operating in thestatically-stable state; and a braking system comprising brakes coupledto the at least first and second wheel, and an actuator assembly coupledto the third wheel for engaging and disengaging the brakes, wherein theactuator assembly engages the brakes when the third wheel contacts anunderlying surface and disengages the brakes when the third wheel liftsoff the underlying surface.
 32. The vehicle of claim 31, wherein theactuator assembly comprises a master cylinder, and the brakes comprisehydraulic brakes, and wherein the braking system comprises a hydraulicline coupling the master cylinder to the hydraulic brakes.
 33. Thevehicle of claim 32, wherein the at least first and second wheel furthercomprises a fourth wheel coupled to the support that includes a secondmaster cylinder, wherein all the master cylinders and the brakes arecoupled together by hydraulic lines.
 34. The vehicle of claim 33,wherein each of the brakes is configured to engage in response to one ormore master cylinders being compressed.
 35. The vehicle of claim 33,comprising a fluid pressure sensor coupled to the hydraulic lines tomeasure hydraulic pressure in the hydraulic lines to determine the loadapplied by the underlying surface to the second wheel.
 36. The vehicleof claim 31, comprising a brake sensor for providing a brake-statesignal to the controller.
 37. The vehicle of claim 35, wherein thecontroller is configured to prohibit the vehicle from entering abalancing mode when the brake-state signal is indicative of the brakesbeing engaged.
 38. A method for braking a dynamically-balancing vehicle,the vehicle comprising a support for supporting a payload, at least afirst and second wheel coupled to the support, a drive coupled to the atleast first and second wheel to dynamically balance the vehicle andprovide power to the at least first and second wheels to propel thevehicle, a controller coupled to the drive to control the drive, the atleast first and second wheel further comprises a third wheel coupled tothe support and disposed fore or aft of the at least first and secondwheel, wherein the combination of the at least first and second wheeland the third wheel maintain the vehicle in a statically-stable statewhen the vehicle is operating in the statically-stable state, and abraking system comprising brakes coupled to the at least first andsecond wheel, and an actuator assembly coupled to the third wheel, themethod comprising: engaging the brakes with the actuator assembly whenthe third wheel contacts an underlying surface; and disengaging thebrakes with the actuator assembly when the third wheel lifts off theunderlying surface.
 39. The method of claim 38, wherein the actuatorassembly comprises a master cylinder, and the brakes comprise hydraulicbrakes, and wherein the braking system comprises a hydraulic linecoupling the master cylinder to the hydraulic brakes.
 40. The method ofclaim 39, wherein the at least first and second wheel further comprisesa fourth wheel coupled to the support that includes a second mastercylinder, wherein all the master cylinders and the brakes are coupledtogether by hydraulic lines.
 41. The method of claim 40, comprisingengaging each of the brakes in response to one or more master cylindersbeing compressed.
 42. The method of claim 39, comprising engaging thebrakes with the actuator assembly in response to a master cylinder beingcompressed.
 43. The method of claim 39, comprising measuring hydraulicpressure in the hydraulic line to determine load applied by theunderlying surface to the third wheel.
 44. The method of claim 38,comprising monitoring a brake-state signal to determine whether thebrakes are engaged.
 45. The method of claim 44, comprising prohibitingthe vehicle from entering a balancing mode when the brake-state signalis indicative of the brakes being engaged.